Cells inside tissues are surrounded by other cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Stretching, compressive, and shear forces, as well as forces derived from surface tension, are the common mechanical cues that cells are continuously subjected to in vivo. Mechanical sensing and response are essential for cells and tissues to retain their normal functions. It is anticipated that technical advancement can be a driving force for the development of mechanobiology. A perspective on future directions in this field is also provided. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, which can guide readers to choose the most suitable technique for their questions. The broad applications of these techniques are introduced with an emphasis on the difficulties in implementing these techniques in special biological systems. In this review, the fundamental principles of various experimental approaches that have been developed to characterize various types and magnitudes of forces experienced at the cellular and subcellular levels are summarized. Gaining a further understanding of mechanical regulation and depicting the mechanotransduction network inside cells require advanced experimental techniques and new theories.

Investigations of how cells sense mechanical stimuli or the mechanotransduction mechanism is an active field of biomaterials and biophysics. Quantum Chemical Prediction of Electron Ionization Mass Spectra of Trimethylsilylated Metabolites.Over the past decades, increasing evidence has indicated that mechanical loads can regulate the morphogenesis, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of living cells.

Shunyang Wang, Tobias Kind, Parker Ladd Bremer, Dean J.PyFragMS─A Web Tool for the Investigation of the Collision-Induced Fragmentation Pathways. Yury Kostyukevich, Sergey Sosnin, Sergey Osipenko, Oxana Kovaleva, Lidiia Rumiantseva, Albert Kireev, Alexander Zherebker, Maxim Fedorov, Evgeny N.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2022, 33 In Silico Collision Cross Section Calculations to Aid Metabolite Annotation. Susanta Das, Kiyoto Aramis Tanemura, Laleh Dinpazhoh, Mithony Keng, Christina Schumm, Lydia Leahy, Carter K Asef, Markace Rainey, Arthur S.We demonstrate this for six organic molecules with masses ranging from 159 to 296 Da, for which QCxMS yields CID spectra in reasonable agreement with experiments.

In combination with the CREST program to determine the preferential protonation sites, QCxMS becomes the first standalone MD-based program that can predict mass spectra based solely on molecular structures as input. Through the explicit modeling of multicollision processes between precursor ions and neutral gas atoms as well as temperature-induced decomposition reactions, QCxMS provides detailed insight into the collision kinetics and fragmentation pathways. To this end, fragmentation and rearrangement reactions are computed “on-the-fly” in Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the semiempirical GFN2-xTB Hamiltonian, which provides an efficient quantum mechanical description of all elements up to Z = 86 (Rn). The more general applicability is accounted for by the new name QCxMS, where “x” refers to EI or CID. Here, we present an extension of QCEIMS to calculate collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra. For the computational modeling of electron ionization MS, we have developed the quantum-chemical electron ionization mass spectra (QCEIMS) program. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool in chemical research and substance identification.

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